Cattle transport: Historical, research, and future perspectives
نویسنده
چکیده
Transportation and handling is generally regarded as stressful to cattle and includes both physical and psychological stimuli that might be aversive. Historical accounts relate high mortality during the early days of transport and concerns for the welfare of cattle that are similar to those today. Behavior, pathology, and physiology are all used to identify stress in response to transportation. Physiological measures indicate that transport of cattle can result in immune suppression, which can lead to increased susceptibility to disease and might result in increased pathogen shedding. Empirical evidence shows that the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio is markedly increased when cattle are handled and transported. Agonistic behavior also seems to be decreased by crowding and motion of the truck. Loading, loss of balance, and falling are distressful to cattle. For example, mean heart rates of cattle transported on smooth roads are lower than those
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